📑

Railsでデフォルト生成されたIDカラムの上限値

2021/07/19に公開

PostgreSQL

Rails

tech

対象読者

・RailsのIDカラムの上限値を知りたい人
・モデルの型定義について知りたい人

結論（デフォルト生成されたIDカラムの上限値）

※ PostgreSQLを使用する場合

上限値
- Rails5.1未満：4バイトの 2147483647
- Rails5.1以降：8バイトの 9223372036854775807
参考情報

Rails5.1未満で作成済みのマイグレーションファイルで作成したテーブル

# マイグレーションファイルの継承元が[5.1]未満
class **** < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]

idは serial型 で定義される為、4バイトの 2147483648 以上の値を設定し、保存するときにエラー発生

Rails5.1以降で作成済みのマイグレーションファイルで作成したテーブル

# マイグレーションファイルの継承元が[5.1]以降
class **** < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.1]

idは bigserial型 で定義される為、8バイトの 9223372036854775808 以上の値を設定し、保存するときにエラー発生

実験

上限値を入力してエラーを発生させてみる

serial型の場合

# 2147483647 だとOK
pry(main)> Author.new(id: 2147483647).save
(0.3ms)  BEGIN
Author Create (0.5ms)  INSERT INTO "authors" ("id", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3)  [["id", 2147483647], ["created_at", "2021-07-16 10:36:18.537225"], ["updated_at", "2021-07-16 10:36:18.537225"]]
SQL (0.2ms)  SELECT currval('public.authors_id_seq')
(0.5ms)  COMMIT
’=> true

# 4バイトの 2147483648 でエラー発生
pry(main)> Author.new(id: 2147483648).save
(0.2ms)  BEGIN
(0.2ms)  ROLLBACK
ActiveModel::RangeError: 2147483648 is out of range for ActiveModel::Type::Integer with limit 4 bytes
from **********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activemodel-5.2.4.3/lib/active_model/type/integer.rb:53:in `ensure_in_range'

# SELECT setval('authors_id_seq', 2147483647);
# シーケンスを上限値に設定して保存するとエラー発生
pry(main)> Author.new(creator_id: 0, updater_id: 0).save
(16.0ms)  BEGIN
Author Create (33.4ms)  INSERT INTO "authors" ("created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2)  [["created_at", "2021-07-16 13:05:52.178741"], ["updated_at", "2021-07-16 13:05:52.178741"]]
(6.1ms)  ROLLBACK
ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid: PG::DataException: ERROR:  nextval: reached maximum value of sequence "authors_id_seq" (2147483647)
: INSERT INTO "authors" ("created_at", "updated_at", "creator_id", "updater_id") VALUES ($1, $2)
from **********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.3/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb:611:in `async_exec'
Caused by PG::DataException: ERROR:  nextval: reached maximum value of sequence "authors_id_seq" (2147483647)

bigserial型の場合

# 8バイトの 9223372036854775808 でエラー発生
[1] pry(main)> Book.new(id: 9223372036854775808, name: 'hoge').save
(0.1ms)  BEGIN
(0.1ms)  ROLLBACK
ActiveModel::RangeError: 9223372036854775808 is out of range for ActiveModel::Type::Integer with limit 8 bytes
from **********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activemodel-5.2.4.4/lib/active_model/type/integer.rb:53:in `ensure_in_range'

その他の調査ログ

それっぽいところで callerメソッドを実行して、呼び元を確認してみる

 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb:452:in `get_oid_type'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb:668:in `fetch_type_metadata'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb:649:in `new_column_from_field'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb:114:in `block in columns'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb:113:in `map'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb:113:in `columns'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb:69:in `columns'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb:75:in `columns_hash'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb:466:in `load_schema!'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/attributes.rb:234:in `load_schema!'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb:51:in `load_schema!'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb:459:in `block in load_schema'",
 "*********/.rbenv/versions/2.6.6/lib/ruby/2.6.0/monitor.rb:235:in `mon_synchronize'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb:456:in `load_schema'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb:346:in `attribute_types'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb:230:in `has_attribute?'",
 "*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb:55:in `new'",
 "*********/app/controllers/books_controller.rb:9:in `create'",

get_oid_typeを見てみると、、

activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb

        def get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type = "".freeze)
          if !type_map.key?(oid)
            load_additional_types([oid])
          end

          type_map.fetch(oid, fmod, sql_type) {
            warn "unknown OID #{oid}: failed to recognize type of '#{column_name}'. It will be treated as String."
            Type.default_value.tap do |cast_type|
              type_map.register_type(oid, cast_type)
            end
          }
        end

type_mapをfetchすると型を取得できるぽい
bigserialの場合 ↓↓↓

[8] pry(#<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter>)> type_map.fetch(oid, fmod, sql_type)
=> #<ActiveModel::Type::Integer:0x00007fdb07db2650 @limit=8, @precision=nil, @range=-9223372036854775808...9223372036854775808, @scale=nil>


[9] pry(#<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter>)> oid
=> 20
[10] pry(#<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter>)> fmod
=> -1
[11] pry(#<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter>)> sql_type
=> "bigint"

いつの間にか取得されているbigintやoidなどの情報はcolumn_definitionsで取得するぽい

activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb

        def column_definitions(table_name)
          query(<<-end_sql, "SCHEMA")
              SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
                     pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod,
                     c.collname, col_description(a.attrelid, a.attnum) AS comment
                FROM pg_attribute a
                LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
                LEFT JOIN pg_type t ON a.atttypid = t.oid
                LEFT JOIN pg_collation c ON a.attcollation = c.oid AND a.attcollation <> t.typcollation
               WHERE a.attrelid = #{quote(quote_table_name(table_name))}::regclass
                 AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped
               ORDER BY a.attnum
          end_sql
        end

テーブルカラムの定義情報の取得

SQLクライアントで実行してみると、、、

SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
         pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod,
         c.collname, col_description(a.attrelid, a.attnum) AS comment
    FROM pg_attribute a
    LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
    LEFT JOIN pg_type t ON a.atttypid = t.oid
    LEFT JOIN pg_collation c ON a.attcollation = c.oid AND a.attcollation <> t.typcollation
   WHERE a.attrelid = 'books'::regclass
     AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped
   ORDER BY a.attnum

-- 以下のような結果がテーブル定義を取得できる
attname   |format_type                |pg_get_expr                      |attnotnull|atttypid|atttypmod|collname|comment|
----------+---------------------------+---------------------------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+-------+
id        |bigint                     |nextval('books_id_seq'::regclass)|true      |      20|       -1|        |       |
name      |character varying          |                                 |false     |    1043|       -1|        |       |
created_at|timestamp without time zone|                                 |true      |    1114|       -1|        |       |
updated_at|timestamp without time zone|                                 |true      |    1114|       -1|        |       |

モデルの型決定に使用する変換用のマッピング情報

type_mapはDB接続時に作成されるぽい

activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb

# 48行目 postgresql_connection
ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new(nil, logger, conn_params, config)

# 234行目 initialize
@type_map = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new
initialize_type_map

# 460行目 initialize_type_map
def initialize_type_map(m = type_map)
  m.register_type "int2", Type::Integer.new(limit: 2)
  m.register_type "int4", Type::Integer.new(limit: 4)
  m.register_type "int8", Type::Integer.new(limit: 8)
  m.register_type "oid", OID::Oid.new
  # ...省略

type_mapにはこんなの↓↓↓が入っていて、oidをキーにProcを取得している

長すぎる type_map の内容をクリックして展開

[6] pry(#<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter>)> type_map
=> #<ActiveRecord::Type::HashLookupTypeMap:0x00007fdb07db2a10
 @cache=#<Concurrent::Map:0x00007fdb07db29c0 entries=4 default_proc=#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db2920@/*************/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:10>>,
 @mapping=
  {"int2"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db27e0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "int4"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db26a0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "int8"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db2498@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "oid"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db23d0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "float4"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db2358@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "float8"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db2308@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   "text"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db2290@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "varchar"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db2240@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb:530>,
   "char"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db21f0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   "name"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db21a0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   "bpchar"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db2150@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   "bool"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db20d8@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "bit"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db2088@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb:530>,
   "varbit"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db2038@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb:530>,
   "timestamptz"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1fe8@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   "date"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1f70@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "money"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1ef8@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "bytea"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1e80@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "point"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1e08@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "hstore"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1d90@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "json"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1d18@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "jsonb"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1ca0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "cidr"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1c28@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "inet"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1bb0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "uuid"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1b38@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "xml"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1ac0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "tsvector"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1a20@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "macaddr"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1980@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "citext"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db18e0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "ltree"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1840@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "line"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db17a0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "lseg"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1700@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "box"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1660@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "path"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db15c0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "polygon"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1520@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "circle"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1480@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
   "interval"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1430@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb:499>,
   "time"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db13e0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb:537>,
   "timestamp"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1390@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb:537>,
   "numeric"=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb07db1368@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb:507>,
   16=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6dac8@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   17=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6da78@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   18=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6da28@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   19=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d9d8@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   20=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d988@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   21=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d938@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   23=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d8e8@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   25=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d898@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   26=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d848@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   114=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d7f8@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   142=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d7a8@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   600=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d758@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   601=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d708@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   602=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d6b8@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   603=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d668@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   604=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d618@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   628=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d5c8@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   700=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d578@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   701=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d528@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   718=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d4d8@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
   790=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be6d488@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb:7>,
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   22=>#<Proc:0x00007fdb0be75ac0@/*********/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/activerecord-5.2.4.4/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb:32>,
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モデルの型定義

モデルの型はテーブル定義情報を基に設定される
https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/main/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb

Active Record objects don't specify their attributes directly, but rather infer them from the table definition with which they're linked. Adding, removing, and changing attributes and their type is done directly in the database. Any change is instantly reflected in the Active Record objects. The mapping that binds a given Active Record class to a certain database table will happen automatically in most common cases, but can be overwritten for the uncommon ones.

type_map に設定されている Type::Integer.new(limit: 8) のように、limitを引数にして、Integerクラスのインスタンスが作成される。
上限値を超えてエラーが発生するときは、このクラスで値が範囲外かどうかのチェックをしている。

activemodel-5.2.4.4/lib/active_model/type/integer.rb

def initialize(*)
  super
  @range = min_value...max_value
end

# 継承元のコード抜粋：activemodel-5.2.4.4/lib/active_model/type/value.rb
# initialize_type_map メソッドの Type::Integer.new(limit: 8) で呼び出されるぽい
def initialize(precision: nil, limit: nil, scale: nil)
  @precision = precision
  @scale = scale
  @limit = limit
end

# @rangeの範囲内かを確認している
def ensure_in_range(value)
  unless range.cover?(value)
    raise ActiveModel::RangeError, "#{value} is out of range for #{self.class} with limit #{_limit} bytes"
  end
end

モデルの型はテーブル定義情報を基に設定される為、
以下のように直接テーブル定義情報を変更すると、モデルの型も変更される。

ALTER TABLE public.books ALTER COLUMN id TYPE bigint USING id::bigint;