[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~
$ pwd
/root

cd -

[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~
$ mkdir -m 777 testdir2
[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~
$ ls -la | grep testdir
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root             6 Mar 27 23:39 testdir
drwxrwxrwx    2 root     root             6 Mar 27 23:40 testdir2

$ mkdir -p /test/testdir

[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~
$ ls
dir       testdir   testdir2
[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~
$ cd dir
[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~/dir
$ touch test.html
[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~/dir
$ cd -
/root
[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~
$ rmdir dir
rmdir: 'dir': Directory not empty
[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~
$ rm -rf dir
[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~
$ ls
testdir   testdir2

[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~/home/user2
$ echo "test" > test1.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~/home/user2
$ cat test1.txt
test

$ echo Hello3 >> file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.168.4 ~/home/user2
$ cat file.txt
Hello2
Hello3
Hello3

$ ls -lat
total 16
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root            21 Mar 28 00:01 file.txt
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root            73 Mar 28 00:01 .
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root            14 Mar 27 23:58 test2.txt
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             5 Mar 27 23:55 test1.txt
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             6 Mar 27 23:53 ifle.text
drwxr-xr-x    4 root     root            32 Mar 27 23:48 ..

$ ls -lat | grep test
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root            14 Mar 27 23:58 test2.txt
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             5 Mar 27 23:55 test1.txt

root@08740c625075:/workspace# ls -lh
total 412K
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root  352 Feb 28 08:39 app
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 1.7K Feb  6 00:31 artisan
drwxr-xr-x  4 root root  128 Feb  6 00:31 bootstrap
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 2.1K Mar 14 02:18 composer.json

oot@08740c625075:/workspace# ls -lF
total 412
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root    352 Feb 28 08:39 app/
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   1686 Feb  6 00:31 artisan

root@08740c625075:/workspace# ls -ld
drwxr-xr-x 43 root root 1376 Mar 27 04:40 .

$ ls -l /etc
total 216
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             7 Sep 28 11:17 alpine-release
drwxr-xr-x    1 root     root            19 Oct 19 23:22 apk
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root            46 Oct 19 23:22 bash
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root            20 Oct 19 23:22 bash_completion.d

-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             7 Sep 28 11:17 alpine-release

[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ mkdir test
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls
test
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 0
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root             6 Mar 28 23:19 test
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ chmod 660 test
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 0
drw-rw----    2 root     root             6 Mar 28 23:19 test
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ chmod 760 test
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 0
drwxrw----    2 root     root             6 Mar 28 23:19 test

[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ chmod 764 test
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 0
drwxrw-r--    2 root     root             6 Mar 28 23:19 test

[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ chmod 764 test
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 0
drwxrw-r--    2 root     root             6 Mar 28 23:19 test
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ chmod ug+x test
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 0
drwxrwxr--    2 root     root             6 Mar 28 23:19 test

[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ chmod u=w test
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 0
d-w-rwxr--    2 root     root             

[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ adduser user
Changing password for user
New password: 
Bad password: too short
Retype password: 
Passwords don't match
passwd: password for user is unchanged
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ addgroup test

$ touch file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls -l | grep .txt
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 28 23:36 file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ chown user:test file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls -l | grep .txt
-rw-r--r--    1 user     test             0 Mar 28 23:36 file.txt

chown user file.txt

chown :test file.txt

$ touch /home/file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls -l /home/file.txt
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 28 23:39 /home/file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ chmod u+rwx /home/file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls -l /home/file.txt
-rwxr--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 28 23:39 /home/file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ chmod go=r /home/file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.216.4 ~
$ ls -l /home/file.txt
-rwxr--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 28 23:39 /home/file.txt

$ ls -l /etc/passwd
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root          1289 Mar 28 23:34 /etc/passwd

$ adduser test
Changing password for test
New password: 
Bad password: too short
Retype password: 
passwd: password for test changed by root
[node2] (local) root@10.0.216.5 ~
$ login test
Password: 
###############################################################
#                                                             #
#                    Welcome to InfraAcademy !!!!             #
#                                                             #
###############################################################
node2:~$ whoami  // ログインユーザーの確認
test
node2:~$ passwd test  // パスワード変更コマンド
passwd: must be suid to work properly

root@6c320b6e0130:/# chmod 1777 file
root@6c320b6e0130:/# ls -l file
-rwxrwxrwt 1 root root 0 Apr 11 11:12 file
root@6c320b6e0130:/# chmod 777 file
root@6c320b6e0130:/# ls -l file
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Apr 11 11:12 file

node1:~$ id root
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel),11(floppy),20(dialout),26(tape),27(video)

testuser:x:1000:1000:Linux User,,,:/home/testuser:/bin/bash

node1:~$ cat /etc/group
(略)
testuser:x:1000:

node1:~$ id testuser
uid=1000(testuser) gid=1000(testuser) groups=1000(testuser)

adduser -u 2010 user10

$ apk update
fetch https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.18/main/x86_64/APKINDEX.tar.gz
fetch https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.18/community/x86_64/APKINDEX.tar.gz
v3.18.6-122-gf17e19e260e [https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.18/main]
v3.18.6-122-gf17e19e260e [https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.18/community]
OK: 20102 distinct packages available
[node1] (local) root@10.0.218.4 ~
$ apk add shadow
(1/1) Installing shadow (4.13-r4)
Executing busybox-1.36.1-r2.trigger
OK: 469 MiB in 163 packages

$ addgroup test2
[node1] (local) root@10.0.218.4 ~
$ cat /etc/group
(略)
test2:x:1001:

$ usermod -g test2 testuser
[node1] (local) root@10.0.218.4 ~
$ id testuser
uid=1000(testuser) gid=1001(test2) groups=1001(test2)

$ ifconfig
(略)
eth0     (略)
          inet addr:xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

$ ping 10.0.218.4
PING 10.0.218.4 (10.0.218.4): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 10.0.218.4: seq=0 ttl=127 time=0.605 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.218.4: seq=1 ttl=127 time=0.076 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.218.4: seq=2 ttl=127 time=0.080 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.218.4: seq=3 ttl=127 time=0.074 ms
^C
--- 10.0.218.4 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 0.074/0.208/0.605 ms

$ ip address
2307: eth0@if2308: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP,M-DOWN> mtu 1450 qdisc noqueue state UP 
    link/ether 02:42:0a:00:db:04 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.219.4/24 brd 10.0.219.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

$ ip address add 10.0.31.100 dev eth0
$ ip address
2307: eth0@if2308: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP,M-DOWN> mtu 1450 qdisc noqueue state UP 
    link/ether 02:42:0a:00:db:04 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.219.4/24 brd 10.0.219.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 10.0.31.100/32 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
$ ip address del 10.0.31.100 dev eth0
[node1] (local) root@10.0.219.4 ~
$ ip address
2307: eth0@if2308: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP,M-DOWN> mtu 1450 qdisc noqueue state UP 
    link/ether 02:42:0a:00:db:04 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.219.4/24 brd 10.0.219.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

ip route add default via 192.168.1.254

$ ip route
default via 172.18.0.1 dev eth1 
10.0.219.0/24 dev eth0 scope link  src 10.0.219.4 
172.17.0.0/16 dev docker0 scope link  src 172.17.0.1 
172.18.0.0/16 dev eth1 scope link  src 172.18.0.3 

$ ip route
default via 172.18.0.1 dev eth1 
10.0.219.0/24 dev eth0 scope link  src 10.0.219.4 
172.17.0.0/16 dev docker0 scope link  src 172.17.0.1 
172.18.0.0/16 dev eth1 scope link  src 172.18.0.3 
[node1] (local) root@10.0.219.4 ~
$ ip route add 172.16.0.0/16 via 172.18.0.1 dev eth1
[node1] (local) root@10.0.219.4 ~
$ i@route
bash: i@route: command not found
[node1] (local) root@10.0.219.4 ~
$ ip route
default via 172.18.0.1 dev eth1 
10.0.219.0/24 dev eth0 scope link  src 10.0.219.4 
172.16.0.0/16 via 172.18.0.1 dev eth1 
172.17.0.0/16 dev docker0 scope link  src 172.17.0.1 
172.18.0.0/16 dev eth1 scope link  src 172.18.0.3 

$ env
DOCKER_VERSION=24.0.6
CHARSET=UTF-8
などなど

$ set | head
BASH=/bin/bash
(略)

$ export MY_VAR=Hello
[node1] (local) root@10.0.223.4 ~
$ echo $MY_VAR
Hello
$ unset MY_VAR
[node1] (local) root@10.0.223.4 ~
$ echo $MY_VAR

$ which ls
/bin/ls

$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/root/go/bin

alias ll = "ls -la"

$ echo test1234 > file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.223.4 /bin
$ echo abcd1234 >> file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.223.4 /bin
$ cat file.txt
test1234
abcd1234
[node1] (local) root@10.0.223.4 /bin
$ grep test file.txt
test1234
$ grep -E [1-9] file.txt
test1234
abcd1234
$ grep -o -E [1-9] file.txt
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
$ mkdir testdir
[node1] (local) root@10.0.223.4 /bin
$ echo test1234 > testdir/file1.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.223.4 /bin
$ echo test1234 > testdir/file2.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.223.4 /bin
$ grep -r test testdir
testdir/file1.txt:test1234
testdir/file2.txt:test1234

echo Hello ; date; ls -l

$ ls hogehoge && echo hoge
ls: hogehoge: No such file or directory

$ ls -l /etc | grep init
drwxr-xr-x    1 root     root            18 Oct 19 23:22 init.d
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root           570 May  9  2023 inittab

$ ls hogehoge || echo DirectoryNotFound
ls: hogehoge: No such file or directory
DirectoryNotFound

$ uname -r
6.1.55-75.123.amzn2023.x86_64
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ uname -m
x86_64
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ uname -n
node1
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ uname -p
unknown
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ uname -s
Linux
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ uname -v
#1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Tue Sep 26 20:06:16 UTC 2023
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ uname -a
Linux node1 6.1.55-75.123.amzn2023.x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Tue Sep 26 20:06:16 UTC 2023 x86_64 Linux

$ cat /proc/version
Linux version 6.1.55-75.123.amzn2023.x86_64 (mockbuild@ip-10-0-62-35) (gcc (GCC) 11.4.1 20230605 (Red Hat 11.4.1-2), GNU ld version 2.39-6.amzn2023.0.9) #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Tue Sep 26 20:06:16 UTC 2023

$ lsmod
Module                  Size  Used by    Not tainted
tls                   110592  0 
iptable_nat            16384  7 
iptable_filter         16384  7 
bpfilter               16384  0 
xt_nat                 16384 68 
veth                   36864  0 
vxlan                 110592  0 
ip6_udp_tunnel         16384  1 vxlan
udp_tunnel             28672  1 vxlan
xt_policy              16384  0 
xt_mark                16384  0 
xt_bpf                 20480  0 
xt_conntrack           16384 11 
nft_chain_nat          16384 35 
xt_MASQUERADE          20480 15 
nf_nat                 57344  4 iptable_nat,xt_nat,nft_chain_nat,xt_MASQUERADE
nf_conntrack_netlink    57344  0 
nf_conntrack          184320  5 xt_nat,xt_conntrack,xt_MASQUERADE,nf_nat,nf_conntrack_netlink
nf_defrag_ipv6         24576  1 nf_conntrack
nf_defrag_ipv4         16384  1 nf_conntrack
xfrm_user              57344  8 
xfrm_algo              16384  1 xfrm_user
xt_addrtype            16384 16 
nft_compat             20480 82 
nf_tables             303104 862 nft_chain_nat,nft_compat
nfnetlink              20480 11 nf_conntrack_netlink,nft_compat,nf_tables
br_netfilter           36864  0 
bridge                307200  1 br_netfilter
stp                    16384  1 bridge
llc                    16384  2 bridge,stp
overlay               167936 10 
sunrpc                696320  1 
nls_ascii              16384  1 
nls_cp437              20480  1 
vfat                   24576  1 
fat                    86016  1 vfat
ghash_clmulni_intel    16384  0 
aesni_intel           393216  0 
ena                   159744  0 
crypto_simd            16384  1 aesni_intel
cryptd                 28672  2 ghash_clmulni_intel,crypto_simd
button                 24576  0 
drm                   602112  0 
sch_fq_codel           20480  3 
i2c_core              106496  1 drm
dm_mod                188416  0 
fuse                  163840  1 
drm_panel_orientation_quirks    28672  1 drm
backlight              24576  1 drm
loop                   32768  0 
dax                    45056  1 dm_mod
configfs               57344  1 
dmi_sysfs              20480  0 
crc32_pclmul           16384  0 
crc32c_intel           24576  0 
efivarfs               24576  1

$ cat /etc/issue
Welcome to Alpine Linux 3.18
Kernel \r on an \m (\l)

docker run -it debian /bin/bash
Unable to find image 'debian:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/debian
71215d55680c: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:e97ee92bf1e11a2de654e9f3da827d8dce32b54e0490ac83bfc65c8706568116
Status: Downloaded newer image for debian:latest
root@211173b52161:/# cat /etc/issue
Debian GNU/Linux 12 \n \l

apt-cache search apache

root@211173b52161:/# apt-cache show apache2
Package: apache2
Version: 2.4.57-2
Installed-Size: 566
Maintainer: Debian Apache Maintainers <debian-apache@lists.debian.org>
Architecture: amd64
Provides: httpd, httpd-cgi
Depends: apache2-bin (= 2.4.57-2), apache2-data (= 2.4.57-2), apache2-utils (= 2.4.57-2), lsb-base, media-types, perl:any, procps
Pre-Depends: init-system-helpers (>= 1.54~)
Recommends: ssl-cert
Suggests: apache2-doc, apache2-suexec-pristine | apache2-suexec-custom, www-browser
Description: Apache HTTP Server
Description-md5: d02426bc360345e5acd45367716dc35c
Homepage: https://httpd.apache.org/
Tag: role::metapackage, suite::apache
Section: httpd
Priority: optional
Filename: pool/main/a/apache2/apache2_2.4.57-2_amd64.deb
Size: 214864
MD5sum: 3e510937d7323527502133b230614002
SHA256: 5857cb3cfd29597c3b4898b788b048b2c0bcf092012773c330459dc9abfbb63f

yum update

yum search http

yum info httpd

$ gzip file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ ls
file.txt.gz
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root            20 Mar 31 03:58 file.txt.gz

$ gzip -d file.txt.gz
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 31 03:59 file.txt

$ gzip file.txt -k
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 31 03:59 file.txt
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root            20 Mar 31 03:59 file.txt.gz

$ xz file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root            32 Mar 31 03:59 file.txt.xz
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ xz -d file.txt.xz
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 31 03:59 file.txt

$ touch file1
touch file2
touch file3
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 31 03:59 file.txt
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 31 04:05 file1
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 31 04:05 file2
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 31 04:05 file3
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ tar cvf archive file1 file2 file3
file1
file2
file3
[node1] (local) root@10.1.20.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root          2560 Mar 31 04:05 archive
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 31 03:59 file.txt
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 31 04:05 file1
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 31 04:05 file2
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Mar 31 04:05 file3

$ echo hogehoge > file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.1.31.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             9 Mar 31 06:58 file.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.1.31.4 ~
$ cat file.txt
hogehoge
[node1] (local) root@10.1.31.4 ~
$ ln file.txt hardlink.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.1.31.4 ~
$ ls -l
total 8
-rw-r--r--    2 root     root             9 Mar 31 06:58 file.txt
-rw-r--r--    2 root     root             9 Mar 31 06:58 hardlink.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.1.31.4 ~
$ cat hardlink.txt
hogehoge

$ unlink hardlink.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.1.31.4 ~
$ cat hardlink.txt
cat: can't open 'hardlink.txt': No such file or directory

$ ln -s file.txt synlink.txt
$ cat synlink.txt
hogehoge
$ ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             9 Mar 31 06:58 file.txt
lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root             8 Mar 31 07:06 synlink.txt -> file.txt

$ lscpu
Architecture:            x86_64
  CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
  Address sizes:         46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
  Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                  2
  On-line CPU(s) list:   0,1
Vendor ID:               GenuineIntel
  BIOS Vendor ID:        Intel(R) Corporation
  Model name:            Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8259CL CPU @ 2.50GHz
    BIOS Model name:     Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8259CL CPU @ 2.50GHz  CPU @ 2.5GHz
    BIOS CPU family:     179
    CPU family:          6
    Model:               85
    Thread(s) per core:  2
    Core(s) per socket:  1
    Socket(s):           1
    Stepping:            7
    BogoMIPS:            4999.99
    Flags:               fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht s
                         yscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid tsc_known_freq pni pcl
                         mulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand
                          hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single pti fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms inv
                         pcid mpx avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xget
                         bv1 xsaves ida arat pku ospke
Virtualization features: 
  Hypervisor vendor:     KVM
  Virtualization type:   full
Caches (sum of all):     
  L1d:                   32 KiB (1 instance)
  L1i:                   32 KiB (1 instance)
  L2:                    1 MiB (1 instance)
  L3:                    35.8 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA:                    
  NUMA node(s):          1
  NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0,1
Vulnerabilities:         
  Gather data sampling:  Unknown: Dependent on hypervisor status
  Itlb multihit:         KVM: Mitigation: VMX unsupported
  L1tf:                  Mitigation; PTE Inversion
  Mds:                   Vulnerable: Clear CPU buffers attempted, no microcode; SMT Host state unknown
  Meltdown:              Mitigation; PTI
  Mmio stale data:       Vulnerable: Clear CPU buffers attempted, no microcode; SMT Host state unknown
  Retbleed:              Vulnerable
  Spec rstack overflow:  Not affected
  Spec store bypass:     Vulnerable
  Spectre v1:            Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
  Spectre v2:            Mitigation; Retpolines, STIBP disabled, RSB filling, PBRSB-eIBRS Not affected
  Srbds:                 Not affected
  Tsx async abort:       Not affected

Mem: 2532904K used, 1386564K free, 14432K shrd, 1660K buff, 1651816K cached
CPU:   0% usr   0% sys   0% nic  97% idle   0% io   0% irq   0% sirq
Load average: 0.08 0.07 0.06 2/516 191
  PID  PPID USER     STAT   VSZ %VSZ CPU %CPU COMMAND
   39    13 root     S     732m  19%   0   0% containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml --log-level debug
   13     1 root     S    1489m  39%   0   0% dockerd
   32     1 root     S     6400   0%   0   0% sshd: /usr/sbin/sshd -o PermitRootLogin=yes -o PrintMotd=no [listener] 0 of 10-100 s
   16    14 root     S     4912   0%   1   0% /bin/bash -l
    1     0 root     S     1608   0%   0   0% /bin/sh -c cat /etc/hosts >/etc/hosts.bak &&     sed 's/^::1.*//' /etc/hosts.bak > /
  191    16 root     R     1600   0%   0   0% top
   14     1 root     S      848   0%   1   0% script -q -c /bin/bash -l /dev/null

$ free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           3.7G      736.8M        1.3G       14.1M        1.7G        2.7G
Swap:       1020.0K           0     1020.0K

#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello World"

$ ./script.sh
Hello world
$ source script.sh
Hello world
[node1] (local) root@10.1.31.4 ~
$ bash script.sh
Hello world
[node1] (local) root@10.1.31.4 ~
$ . script.sh
Hello world

$ vi script1.sh
[node1] (local) root@10.1.31.4 ~
$ source script1.sh
test

#!/bin/bash

MY_VAR="Hello World!"
echo $MY_VAR

#!/bin/bash

MY_VAR=$(date)
echo $MY_VAR

#!/bin/bash

echo "arg1: $1"
echo "arg2: $2"

$ . script3.sh arg1 arg2
arg1: arg1
arg2: arg2

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter your name:"
read name
echo "Hello! $name"

$ . script4.sh
Enter your name:
ssss
Hello! ssss

#!/bin/bash

echo "How old are you?:"
read age

if [ $age -ge 18 ]; then
 echo True
else
 echo False
fi

case 値 in
"ケース1")
  #ケース1の条件 ;;
"ケース2")
  #ケース2の条件 ;;
"ケース3")
  #ケース3の条件 ;;
*)
  #ケースに当てはまらない場合の条件 ;;
esac

#!/bin/bash

fruit="apple"

case $fruit in
"apple")
echo "apple was chosen";;

"banana")
echo "banana was chosen";;

"cherry")
echo "cherry was chosen";;

*)
echo "nothing"
;;

esac

#!/bin/bash
for i in 1 2 3 4 5 
do
 echo "Number $i"
done

#!/bin/bash
for i in {1..100}
do
 echo "Number $i" 
done

#!/bin/bash
for i in $(seq 1 100)
do
 echo "Number $i"
done

mkdir /testdir
touch /testdir/file{1..5}

#!/bin/bash

for file in /testdir/*
do
 echo "File: $file"
done

#!/bin/bash

count=1
while [ $count -le 5 ]
do
 echo "Count: $count"
 count=$((count + 1))
done

#!/bin/bash

if [ -e file1.txt ] && [ ! -e file2.txt ]; then
 echo "make file3.txt"
fi

$ nslookup www.google.com
Server:         127.0.0.11
Address:        127.0.0.11:53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:   www.google.com
Address: 142.251.42.164

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:   www.google.com
Address: 2404:6800:4004:823::2004

apt-get update
apt-get install bind9 vim dnsutils

root@73d2944cc40e:/# dpkg -l bind9
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name           Version      Architecture Description
+++-==============-============-============-=================================
ii  bind9          1:9.18.24-1  amd64        Internet Domain Name Server

zone "test.com" {
　type master;
　file "/etc/bind/db.test.com";
};

root@73d2944cc40e:/# cd /etc/bind
root@73d2944cc40e:/etc/bind# cp db.local db.test.com
root@73d2944cc40e:/etc/bind# vi db.test.com

@ IN SOA www.test.com. root.test.com. (
　　2 ; Serial
　　604800 ; Refresh
　　86400 ; Retry
　　2419200 ; Expire
　　604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL
;

@ IN NS www.test.com.
www IN A 10.0.6.4

nslookup www.test.com 127.0.0.1

[ホスト名] IN A [IPアドレス]

host1  IN   A   192.168.1.1
www2   IN   A   172.16.1.1

/etc/init.d/named restart

root@512e4a56fe27:/etc/bind# nslookup host1.test.com 127.0.0.1
Server:         127.0.0.1
Address:        127.0.0.1#53

Name:   host1.test.com
Address: 192.168.1.1

root@512e4a56fe27:/etc/bind# nslookup www2 127.0.0.1
Server:         127.0.0.1
Address:        127.0.0.1#53

** server can't find www2: NXDOMAIN

root@512e4a56fe27:/etc/bind# nslookup www2.a 127.0.0.1
Server:         127.0.0.1
Address:        127.0.0.1#53

** server can't find www2.a: NXDOMAIN

root@512e4a56fe27:/etc/bind# nslookup www2.test.com
Server:         8.8.8.8
Address:        8.8.8.8#53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:   www2.test.com
Address: 69.167.164.199

@       IN      SOA     www.test.com. root.test.com. (
                              2         ; Serial
                         604800         ; Refresh
                          86400         ; Retry
                        2419200         ; Expire
                         604800 )       ; Negative Cache TTL
;

root@512e4a56fe27:/etc/bind# nslookup -type=SOA google.com
Server:         8.8.8.8
Address:        8.8.8.8#53

Non-authoritative answer:
google.com
        origin = ns1.google.com
        mail addr = dns-admin.google.com
        serial = 621114726
        refresh = 900
        retry = 900
        expire = 1800
        minimum = 60

Authoritative answers can be found from:

root@512e4a56fe27:/etc/bind# nslookup -type=SOA www.test.com
Server:         8.8.8.8
Address:        8.8.8.8#53

Non-authoritative answer:
www.test.com    canonical name = h186602-geo.txproxy.com.

Authoritative answers can be found from:
txproxy.com
        origin = ns-495.awsdns-61.com
        mail addr = awsdns-hostmaster.amazon.com
        serial = 1
        refresh = 7200
        retry = 900
        expire = 1209600
        minimum = 86400

root@512e4a56fe27:/etc/bind#

@       IN      NS      www.test.com.

root@512e4a56fe27:/etc/bind# nslookup -type=ns google.com
Server:         8.8.8.8
Address:        8.8.8.8#53

Non-authoritative answer:
google.com      nameserver = ns2.google.com.
google.com      nameserver = ns4.google.com.
google.com      nameserver = ns1.google.com.
google.com      nameserver = ns3.google.com.

Authoritative answers can be found from:

alias IN CNAME www.test.com.

root@512e4a56fe27:/etc/bind# nslookup alias.test.com 127.0.0.1
Server:         127.0.0.1
Address:        127.0.0.1#53

alias.test.com  canonical name = www.test.com.
Name:   www.test.com
Address: 10.2.56.4

search ap-northeast-1.compute.internal
options ndots:0

nameserver 127.0.0.1
nameserver 8.8.4.4

root@512e4a56fe27:/etc/bind# nslookup www.test.com
Server:         127.0.0.1
Address:        127.0.0.1#53

Name:   www.test.com
Address: 10.2.56.4

docker run -it -p 80:80 debian /bin/bash

apt-get install apache2

service apache2 start
#もしくは
/etc/init.d/apache2 start

root@da4654436ef5:/# cat /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
        # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that
        # the server uses to identify itself. This is used when creating
        # redirection URLs. In the context of virtual hosts, the ServerName
        # specifies what hostname must appear in the request's Host: header to
        # match this virtual host. For the default virtual host (this file) this
        # value is not decisive as it is used as a last resort host regardless.
        # However, you must set it for any further virtual host explicitly.
        #ServerName www.example.com

        ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
        DocumentRoot /var/www/html

        # Available loglevels: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn,
        # error, crit, alert, emerg.
        # It is also possible to configure the loglevel for particular
        # modules, e.g.
        #LogLevel info ssl:warn

        ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
        CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined

        # For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are
        # enabled or disabled at a global level, it is possible to
        # include a line for only one particular virtual host. For example the
        # following line enables the CGI configuration for this host only
        # after it has been globally disabled with "a2disconf".
        #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf
</VirtualHost>

root@da4654436ef5:/# cat /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
# This is the main Apache server configuration file.  It contains the
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
# See http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/ for detailed information about
# the directives and /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian about Debian specific
# hints.
#
#
# Summary of how the Apache 2 configuration works in Debian:
# The Apache 2 web server configuration in Debian is quite different to
# upstream's suggested way to configure the web server. This is because Debian's
# default Apache2 installation attempts to make adding and removing modules,
# virtual hosts, and extra configuration directives as flexible as possible, in
# order to make automating the changes and administering the server as easy as
# possible.

# It is split into several files forming the configuration hierarchy outlined
# below, all located in the /etc/apache2/ directory:
#
#       /etc/apache2/
#       |-- apache2.conf
#       |       `--  ports.conf
#       |-- mods-enabled
#       |       |-- *.load
#       |       `-- *.conf
#       |-- conf-enabled
#       |       `-- *.conf
#       `-- sites-enabled
#               `-- *.conf
#
#
# * apache2.conf is the main configuration file (this file). It puts the pieces
#   together by including all remaining configuration files when starting up the
#   web server.
#
# * ports.conf is always included from the main configuration file. It is
#   supposed to determine listening ports for incoming connections which can be
#   customized anytime.
#
# * Configuration files in the mods-enabled/, conf-enabled/ and sites-enabled/
#   directories contain particular configuration snippets which manage modules,
#   global configuration fragments, or virtual host configurations,
#   respectively.
#
#   They are activated by symlinking available configuration files from their
#   respective *-available/ counterparts. These should be managed by using our
#   helpers a2enmod/a2dismod, a2ensite/a2dissite and a2enconf/a2disconf. See
#   their respective man pages for detailed information.
#
# * The binary is called apache2. Due to the use of environment variables, in
#   the default configuration, apache2 needs to be started/stopped with
#   /etc/init.d/apache2 or apache2ctl. Calling /usr/bin/apache2 directly will not
#   work with the default configuration.


# Global configuration
#

#
# ServerRoot: The top of the directory tree under which the server's
# configuration, error, and log files are kept.
#
# NOTE!  If you intend to place this on an NFS (or otherwise network)
# mounted filesystem then please read the Mutex documentation (available
# at <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/core.html#mutex>);
# you will save yourself a lot of trouble.
#
# Do NOT add a slash at the end of the directory path.
#
#ServerRoot "/etc/apache2"

#
# The accept serialization lock file MUST BE STORED ON A LOCAL DISK.
#
#Mutex file:${APACHE_LOCK_DIR} default

#
# The directory where shm and other runtime files will be stored.
#

DefaultRuntimeDir ${APACHE_RUN_DIR}

#
# PidFile: The file in which the server should record its process
# identification number when it starts.
# This needs to be set in /etc/apache2/envvars
#
PidFile ${APACHE_PID_FILE}

#
# Timeout: The number of seconds before receives and sends time out.
#
Timeout 300

#
# KeepAlive: Whether or not to allow persistent connections (more than
# one request per connection). Set to "Off" to deactivate.
#
KeepAlive On

#
# MaxKeepAliveRequests: The maximum number of requests to allow
# during a persistent connection. Set to 0 to allow an unlimited amount.
# We recommend you leave this number high, for maximum performance.
#
MaxKeepAliveRequests 100

#
# KeepAliveTimeout: Number of seconds to wait for the next request from the
# same client on the same connection.
#
KeepAliveTimeout 5


# These need to be set in /etc/apache2/envvars
User ${APACHE_RUN_USER}
Group ${APACHE_RUN_GROUP}

#
# HostnameLookups: Log the names of clients or just their IP addresses
# e.g., www.apache.org (on) or 204.62.129.132 (off).
# The default is off because it'd be overall better for the net if people
# had to knowingly turn this feature on, since enabling it means that
# each client request will result in AT LEAST one lookup request to the
# nameserver.
#
HostnameLookups Off

# ErrorLog: The location of the error log file.
# If you do not specify an ErrorLog directive within a <VirtualHost>
# container, error messages relating to that virtual host will be
# logged here.  If you *do* define an error logfile for a <VirtualHost>
# container, that host's errors will be logged there and not here.
#
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log

#
# LogLevel: Control the severity of messages logged to the error_log.
# Available values: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn,
# error, crit, alert, emerg.
# It is also possible to configure the log level for particular modules, e.g.
# "LogLevel info ssl:warn"
#
LogLevel warn

# Include module configuration:
IncludeOptional mods-enabled/*.load
IncludeOptional mods-enabled/*.conf

# Include list of ports to listen on
Include ports.conf


# Sets the default security model of the Apache2 HTTPD server. It does
# not allow access to the root filesystem outside of /usr/share and /var/www.
# The former is used by web applications packaged in Debian,
# the latter may be used for local directories served by the web server. If
# your system is serving content from a sub-directory in /srv you must allow
# access here, or in any related virtual host.
<Directory />
        Options FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride None
        Require all denied
</Directory>

<Directory /usr/share>
        AllowOverride None
        Require all granted
</Directory>

<Directory /var/www/>
        Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride None
        Require all granted
</Directory>

#<Directory /srv/>
#       Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
#       AllowOverride None
#       Require all granted
#</Directory>




# AccessFileName: The name of the file to look for in each directory
# for additional configuration directives.  See also the AllowOverride
# directive.
#
AccessFileName .htaccess

#
# The following lines prevent .htaccess and .htpasswd files from being
# viewed by Web clients.
#
<FilesMatch "^\.ht">
        Require all denied
</FilesMatch>


#
# The following directives define some format nicknames for use with
# a CustomLog directive.
#
# These deviate from the Common Log Format definitions in that they use %O
# (the actual bytes sent including headers) instead of %b (the size of the
# requested file), because the latter makes it impossible to detect partial
# requests.
#
# Note that the use of %{X-Forwarded-For}i instead of %h is not recommended.
# Use mod_remoteip instead.
#
LogFormat "%v:%p %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" vhost_combined
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O" common
LogFormat "%{Referer}i -> %U" referer
LogFormat "%{User-agent}i" agent

# Include of directories ignores editors' and dpkg's backup files,
# see README.Debian for details.

# Include generic snippets of statements
IncludeOptional conf-enabled/*.conf

# Include the virtual host configurations:
IncludeOptional sites-enabled/*.conf

<Directory /var/www/>
　　Require all granted
</Directory>

<Directory /var/www/>
　　Require all denied
</Directory>

<Directory [設定するディレクトリ]>
  Require ip [IPアドレス]
</Directory>

<Directory [設定するディレクトリ]>
  Require all granted
  Require not ip [IPアドレス]
</Directory>

## Basic認証
Basic認証はパスワードをそのままサーバーに送るためセキュリティリスクが高い
/etc/apache2/apache2.config
```bash
<Directory /var/www/html>
  AuthUserfile /etc/apache2/.htpasswd
  AuthName "basic"
  AuthType Basic
  Require valid-user
</Directory>

htpasswd -c /etc/apache2/.htpasswd user

http_access deny all

http_access allow all

service squid restart
Restarting Squid HTTP Proxy: squid2024/04/04 23:15:39| WARNING: BCP 177 violation. Detected non-functional IPv6 loopback.
squid[3930]: Squid Parent: will start 1 kids

/etc/init.d/squid restart

$ curl http://10.2.151.5 -x http://10.2.151.4:3128
node2 web page

acl [acl名] [aclタイプ] [値]

http_access [deny もしくは allow] [acl名]

acl mynet src 10.0.0.0/16
http_access allow mynet
http_access deny all

Router> enable
Router# conf t
Router(config)# interface gi 0/0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# no shutdown

Router>

Router> enable

Router# show run

Router# disable
↓
Router>

Router# conf t
↓
Router(conf)#

Router(conf)# exit
↓
Router#

Router(conf)# int gi 0/0/1
↓
Router(conf-if)#

Router(config)# interface gi 0/0/0

Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0

Router(config)# interface gi 0/0/1

Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.254 255.255.255.0

Router1(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2

Router1# show ip route
(略)
S 172.16.1.0/24 [1/0] via 10.0.0.2

Switch>enable
Switch#show mac-address-table
Switch>enable
Switch#show mac-address-table
          Mac Address Table
-------------------------------------------

Vlan    Mac Address       Type        Ports
----    -----------       --------    -----

Switch#

Switch#show mac-address-table
          Mac Address Table
-------------------------------------------

Vlan    Mac Address       Type        Ports
----    -----------       --------    -----

   1    0007.ec0d.816b    DYNAMIC     Fa0/1
   1    00e0.f997.e9a7    DYNAMIC     Fa0/2

ls /dev

$ ls /dev
autofs           loop6            stdin            tty24            tty42            tty60            vcs5
btrfs-control    loop7            stdout           tty25            tty43            tty61            vcs6
console          mapper           tty              tty26

ls /lib/udev/rules.d

$ cat /etc/inittab
# デフォルトランレベル（ランレベル3を指定）
id:3:initdefault:# ブート時の処理（/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinitを実行）
si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit# ランレベルごとの処理（各ランレベル用のrcスクリプトを実行し、その終了を待つ）
l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 0
l1:1:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 6

# 1度だけ実行される処理（/sbin/updateを実行）
ud::once:/sbin/update

# ［Ctrl］＋［Alt］＋［Delete］キーを押したときの処理
ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now

# 電源オフ時の処理
pf::powerfail:/sbin/shutdown -f -h +2 "Power Failure; System Shutting Down"

# 電源オン時の処理
pr:12345:powerokwait:/sbin/shutdown -c "Power Restored; Shutdown Cancelled"

# 端末制御（ランレベル2～5で/sbin/mingettyを実行。終了されると再実行）
1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty2
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty3
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty4
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty5
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty6

# ランレベル5時のログイン処理（/etc/X11/prefdmを実行。終了されると再実行）
x:5:respawn:/etc/X11/prefdm -nodaemon

systemctl start httpd.service

systemctl stop httpd.service

systemctl restart httpd.service

root@cff74f02ddc1:/# apt-cache search manpages
erlang-manpages - Erlang/OTP manual pages
freebsd-manpages - Manual pages for a GNU/kFreeBSD system
libfreefem-dev - Development library, header files and manpages
go-md2man - utility to create manpages from markdown
golang-github-cpuguy83-go-md2man-v2-dev - utility to create manpages from markdown (source)
golang-github-containers-image - Configuration files and manpages for github.com/containers repositories
isc-dhcp-common - common manpages relevant to all of the isc-dhcp packages
manpages - Manual pages about using a GNU/Linux system
manpages-dev - Manual pages about using GNU/Linux for development
manpages-ja - Japanese version of the manual pages (for users)
manpages-ja-dev - Japanese version of the manual pages (for developers)

root@cff74f02ddc1:/# pwd --help
pwd: pwd [-LP]
    Print the name of the current working directory.
    
    Options:
      -L	print the value of $PWD if it names the current working
    		directory
      -P	print the physical directory, without any symbolic links
    
    By default, `pwd' behaves as if `-L' were specified.
    
    Exit Status:
    Returns 0 unless an invalid option is given or the current directory
    cannot be read.

root@cff74f02ddc1:/# mkdir testdir2
root@cff74f02ddc1:/# ls -l | grep testdir
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4096 Apr 10 00:05 testdir
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4096 Apr 10 00:06 testdir2
root@cff74f02ddc1:/# cp testdir testdir2
cp: -r not specified; omitting directory 'testdir'
root@cff74f02ddc1:/# cp -r testdir testdir2
root@cff74f02ddc1:/# ls -l testdir2
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 10 00:07 testdir

$ ls /etc/*.conf
/etc/ca-certificates.conf  /etc/resolv.conf
/etc/e2scrub.conf          /etc/sysctl.conf
/etc/krb5.conf             /etc/udhcpd.conf
/etc/mke2fs.conf           /etc/xtables.conf
/etc/nsswitch.conf

root@cff74f02ddc1:/# touch 1.js 2.js 3.js
root@cff74f02ddc1:/# ls *.js 
1.js  2.js  3.js

root@cff74f02ddc1:/# touch file1 file2 test1
root@cff74f02ddc1:/# ls file?
file1  file2

root@cff74f02ddc1:/# touch file3
root@cff74f02ddc1:/# ls file[12]
file1  file2
root@cff74f02ddc1:/# ls -l | grep js
-rw-r--r--   1 root root    0 Apr 10 00:26 1.js
-rw-r--r--   1 root root    0 Apr 10 00:26 2.js
-rw-r--r--   1 root root    0 Apr 10 00:26 3.js
root@cff74f02ddc1:/# ls [12].js
1.js  2.js
root@cff74f02ddc1:/# ls file[!12]
file3

root@cff74f02ddc1:/# touch file{1..10}
root@cff74f02ddc1:/# ls -l file?
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 10 00:30 file1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 10 00:30 file2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 10 00:30 file3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 10 00:30 file4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 10 00:30 file5
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 10 00:30 file6
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 10 00:30 file7
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 10 00:30 file8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 10 00:30 file9

$ cat hogehoge 2> err.txt
[node1] (local) root@10.0.52.4 ~
$ cat err.txt
cat: can't open 'hogehoge': No such file or directory

echo test > file.txt 2>&1

$ cat -nb file.txt
     1  cat: can't open 'hogehoge': No such file or director
     2  y

     3  a




     4  d

$ nl file.txt
     1  cat: can't open 'hogehoge': No such file or director
     2  y
       
     3  a
       
       
       
       
     4  d

$ od -b /etc/passwd
0000000 162 157 157 164 072 170 072 060 072 060 072 162 157 157 164 072
0000020 057 162 157 157 164 072 057 142 151 156 057 142 141 163 150 012

$ head -20 /etc/group
root:x:0:root
bin:x:1:root,bin,daemon
daemon:x:2:root,bin,daemon
sys:x:3:root,bin,adm
adm:x:4:root,adm,daemon
tty:x:5:
disk:x:6:root,adm
lp:x:7:lp
mem:x:8:
kmem:x:9:
wheel:x:10:root
floppy:x:11:root
mail:x:12:mail
news:x:13:news
uucp:x:14:uucp
man:x:15:man
cron:x:16:cron
console:x:17:
audio:x:18:
cdrom:x:19:

$ tail /etc/group
nofiles:x:200:
smmsp:x:209:smmsp
locate:x:245:
abuild:x:300:
utmp:x:406:
ping:x:999:
nogroup:x:65533:
nobody:x:65534:
docker:x:2375:
dockremap:x:101:dockremap

$ tail -n 7 -f /etc/group
abuild:x:300:
utmp:x:406:
ping:x:999:
nogroup:x:65533:
nobody:x:65534:
docker:x:2375:
dockremap:x:101:dockremap

$ cut -c1-5 /etc/passwd
root:
bin:x
daemo

$ cut -d: -f 7 /etc/passwd
/bin/bash
/sbin/nologin
/sbin/nologin

1 tanaka
2 sato
3 suzuki

1 25
2 30
3 40

$ join -1 1 -2 1 file1.txt file2.txt
1 tanaka 25
2 sato 30
3 suzuki 40

paste file1.txt file2.txt

$ paste -d: file1.txt file2.txt
1 tanaka:1 25
2 sato:2 30
3 suzuki:3 40

$ echo hello | tr l L
heLLo

$ echo hello | tr -d l
heo

$ echo helllllllllllllllo | tr -s l
helo

b
c
a
f
d
e
1
3
4

$ sort file.txt
1
3
4
a
b
c
d
e
f

$ sort -r file.txt
f
e
d
c
b
a
4
3
1

split [オプション] [入力ファイル] [出力ファイルの先頭]

$ split -l 10 /etc/passwd split.
[node1] (local) root@10.0.90.4 ~
$ ls
file.txt  split.aa  split.ab  split.ac
[node1] (local) root@10.0.90.4 ~
$ cat split.aa
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/mail:/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:13:news:/usr/lib/news:/sbin/nologin

pr -l 30 +1:1 /etc/services

2023-09-27 06:14                  /etc/services                   Page 1


# Network services, Internet style
#
# Updated from https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml .
#
# New ports will be added on request if they have been officially assigned
# by IANA and used in the real-world or are needed by a debian package.
# If you need a huge list of used numbers please install the nmap package.

tcpmux          1/tcp                           # TCP port service multiplexer
echo            7/tcp
echo            7/udp
discard         9/tcp           sink null
discard         9/udp           sink null
systat          11/tcp          users
daytime         13/tcp
daytime         13/udp
netstat         15/tcp
qotd            17/tcp          quote
chargen         19/tcp          ttytst source
chargen         19/udp          ttytst source

$ fmt -w 1 test.txt
I
am
linux

$ fmt -w 5 test.txt
I am
linux

expand test.txt

unexpand test.txt

$ wc /etc/passwd
  28   31 1237 /etc/passwd

$ cat  sample.txt
test1
sample
abc 2

$ grep -E test sample.txt
test1

$ grep -E a.c sample.txt
abc 2

$ grep -E ^sa sample.txt
sample

$ grep -E e$ file.txt
e

root@6c320b6e0130:/# cat file.txt
test1234
abcd1234
root@6c320b6e0130:/# grep -o -E [1-9] file.txt
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4

root@6c320b6e0130:/# echo test1234 > testdir/file1.txt
root@6c320b6e0130:/# echo test1234 > testdir/file2.txt
root@6c320b6e0130:/# grep -r test testdir
testdir/file2.txt:test1234
testdir/file1.txt:test1234

$ dmesg | head
[    0.000000] Linux version 6.1.55-75.123.amzn2023.x86_64 (mockbuild@ip-10-0-62-35) (gcc (GCC) 11.4.1 20230605 (Red Hat 11.4.1-2), GNU ld version 2.39-6.amzn2023.0.9) #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Tue Sep 26 20:06:16 UTC 2023
[    0.000000] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=(hd0,gpt1)/boot/vmlinuz-6.1.55-75.123.amzn2023.x86_64 root=UUID=db2477a6-ca5d-4f37-a4d1-d16dd2369669 ro console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 rd.emergency=poweroff rd.shell=0 selinux=1 security=selinux quiet
[    0.000000] KASLR enabled
[    0.000000] BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009ffff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000bbccdfff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000bbcce000-0x00000000bbf4dfff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000bbf4e000-0x00000000bbf5dfff] ACPI data
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000bbf5e000-0x00000000bbfddfff] ACPI NVS
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000bbfde000-0x00000000bff7bfff] usable

modprobe usb-storage

root@edcf271b9daf:/# tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
hello
HELLO
こんにちは
こんにちは
^C

# apt install procps
# ps
  PID TTY          TIME CMD
    1 pts/0    00:00:00 bash
  361 pts/0    00:00:00 bash
  366 pts/0    00:00:00 ps

nice -n -20 ps -l

Mem: 1854580K used, 2064896K free, 13948K shrd, 24K buff, 1265812K cached
CPU:   0% usr   0% sys   0% nic  99% idle   0% io   0% irq   0% sirq
Load average: 0.00 0.00 0.00 2/340 283
  PID  PPID USER     STAT   VSZ %VSZ CPU %CPU COMMAND
   13     1 root     S    1925m  50%   0   0% dockerd
   38    13 root     S    1236m  32%   1   0% containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml --log-level debug
   36     1 root     S     6480   0%   1   0% sshd: /usr/sbin/sshd -o PermitRootLogin=yes -o PrintMotd=no [listener] 0 of 10-100 s
   15    14 root     S     5048   0%   0   0% /bin/bash -l
    1     0 root     S     1632   0%   1   0% /bin/sh -c cat /etc/hosts >/etc/hosts.bak &&     sed 's/^::1.*//' /etc/hosts.bak > /
  283    15 root     R     1624   0%   0   0% top
   14     1 root     S      864   0%   1   0% script -q -c /bin/bash -l /dev/null

$ free
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:        3919476      489972     2060612       13948     1368892     3159980
Swap:             0           0           0

$ uptime
 02:35:22 up 6 days, 15:45,  0 users,  load average: 0.13, 0.03, 0.00

mkfs -t ext4 /dev/nvme0n1p127

$ lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
nvme0n1       259:0    0  80G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n1p1   259:1    0  80G  0 part /var/lib/docker
│                                     /etc/hosts
│                                     /etc/hostname
│                                     /etc/resolv.conf
├─nvme0n1p127 259:2    0   1M  0 part 
└─nvme0n1p128 259:3    0  10M  0 part 

$ lsblk -f /dev/nvme0n1p127
NAME        FSTYPE FSVER LABEL UUID                                 FSAVAIL FSUSE% MOUNTPOINTS
nvme0n1p127 ext4               b8bb14ea-6ca9-4f1c-b787-a39c1c9d5902  

mkswap /dev/nvme0n1p127

swapon /dev/nvme0n1p127

$ df -h
Filesystem                Size      Used Available Use% Mounted on
overlay                  79.9G     10.2G     69.8G  13% /
tmpfs                    64.0M         0     64.0M   0% /dev
shm                      64.0M         0     64.0M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/nvme0n1p1           79.9G     10.2G     69.8G  13% /etc/resolv.conf
/dev/nvme0n1p1           79.9G     10.2G     69.8G  13% /etc/hostname
/dev/nvme0n1p1           79.9G     10.2G     69.8G  13% /etc/hosts
/dev/nvme0n1p1           79.9G     10.2G     69.8G  13% /var/lib/docker

$ du -d 1 -h
2.0M    ./bin
0       ./dev
1.6M    ./etc
0       ./home
8.7M    ./lib
0       ./media
0       ./mnt
0       ./opt
0       ./proc
28.0K   ./root
28.0K   ./run
4.4M    ./sbin
0       ./srv
0       ./sys
0       ./tmp
782.7M  ./usr
196.0K  ./var
0       ./certs
799.7M  .

$ fsck -n /dev/nvme0n1p127
fsck from util-linux 2.39.3
e2fsck 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
/dev/nvme0n1p127: clean, 11/128 files, 58/1024 blocks
[node1] (local) root@10.1.40.4 /
$ fsck -a /dev/nvme0n1p127
fsck from util-linux 2.39.3
/dev/nvme0n1p127: clean, 11/128 files, 58/1024 blocks

$ cat /etc/fstab
/dev/cdrom      /media/cdrom    iso9660 noauto,ro 0 0
/dev/usbdisk    /media/usb      vfat    noauto,ro 0 0

$ ldd /bin/bash
        /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 (0x7f8505bec000)
        libreadline.so.8 => /usr/lib/libreadline.so.8 (0x7f8505add000)
        libc.musl-x86_64.so.1 => /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 (0x7f8505bec000)
        libncursesw.so.6 => /usr/lib/libncursesw.so.6 (0x7f8505a89000)

$ mount 
overlay on / type overlay (rw,relatime,seclabel,lowerdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/6DTRXAVKRZ7LKRMEQNCMBDF63O:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/4XFKMJ5NPSMSNDCJ7OUOSGMLFP:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/PGCDCBSC4KTLRNZ3KTKAIFOVP7:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/YT2ZD6XFKJSGBMB2SH6DHDQ3RX:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/RZDEEKVZ7KJWH2WMVTI7QYBUGP:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/W7DCWQ2OCMW74TXELCKVMFVW2G:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/QMQRON6TH2LQ6C47IB6UP6WGPI:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/K6S6ETCGNEVYZLOE363XNDEPEA:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/F6YKOUI63CX4XKFK2AACHZCW2U:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/QA72NF2EESB7N4UCEJVX7CRGQP:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/BSFWSV6HDJYWHT4F6NSGJD6JFF:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/6JVRGMUWNAFNGAANZHXMKP4VDB:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/5PFM7WZ4HWPOS6PUVI32NN5ZIH:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/4DPLP6LGNMWUPPMCXN4SXTB5YL:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/QORLBGNDVRLTMJ7OHH5OJUAEVV:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/TSNVROHLRUJINRCU5QRGBYQS3Y:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/43TLBQB3IBIBKIOZH5Z4272BOS:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/3KLV3D7B7ZELDIHWRRBU2EBS2Z:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/UHW4CKLUFBNW4CH6N7ZU3TSUO2:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/TITPTSF3PWPT6NJGTKEJPP3QHE:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/W4IVRSYY3HWPTOBZ3VJEXPI6QJ:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/6CA6YFVJLKEL6AKCEXIXILW2C3:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/WWQW7BXUJNVZZAVXWX333CI5PI:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/Z3SIF7ZVA4ZZ2M7BNQBXWG2YBU:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/2BQZ6G2VSPOMHC5BU6SPQXEMCC:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/2OZ7VNY4WYRRC5732ZTHDJOE4D:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/Q6ZCGCNEXLAIR563CPGFL64KFV,upperdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay2/43154eedce7529bc5942611702be779d221e16f4158da47860acf7aff4f605eb/diff,workdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay2/43154eedce7529bc5942611702be779d221e16f4158da47860acf7aff4f605eb/work)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
tmpfs on /dev type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,seclabel,size=65536k,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,seclabel,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=666)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup type cgroup2 (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,nsdelegate,memory_recursiveprot)
mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel)
shm on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,size=65536k)
/dev/nvme0n1p1 on /etc/resolv.conf type xfs (rw,noatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,sunit=1024,swidth=1024,noquota)
/dev/nvme0n1p1 on /etc/hostname type xfs (rw,noatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,sunit=1024,swidth=1024,noquota)
/dev/nvme0n1p1 on /etc/hosts type xfs (rw,noatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,sunit=1024,swidth=1024,noquota)
/dev/nvme0n1p1 on /var/lib/docker type xfs (rw,noatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,sunit=1024,swidth=1024,noquota)
devpts on /dev/console type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,seclabel,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=666)
none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,relatime)

root@18b612de1381:/# locate query
/var/lib/plocate/plocate.db: No such file or directory  // DBを更新しないと検索できない
root@18b612de1381:/# updatedb
root@18b612de1381:/# locate query
/usr/bin/dpkg-query
/usr/share/man/de/man1/dpkg-query.1.gz
/usr/share/man/fr/man1/dpkg-query.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/dpkg-query.1.gz
/usr/share/man/nl/man1/dpkg-query.1.gz
/usr/share/man/pt/man1/dpkg-query.1.gz
/usr/share/man/sv/man1/dpkg-query.1.gz

$ lsusb
lsusb: /sys/bus/usb/devices: No such file or directory